Latent Class Analysis

1. First, make sure all variables are factors and subset the data to include only LCA classification variables and covariates:

2. Second, define the LCA formula.

  • Variables in parentheses are the latent class classification variables.

  • Variables outside of the parentheses are covariates (not included in the LCA).

  • Finally, run the LCA specifying a range of classes

  • LCA: Classification VARS: ASUS / Risk/ Trauma

  • covariates: demographics (no location)

  • chisq+post-hoc: latent class vs. Outcome: Incident Score –> binary

Visualizations

Demographics

ASUS

RISK

Trauma

Incidents

Client Class Profiles

Client Class 1

## # A tibble: 3 × 2
##   class     n
##   <fct> <int>
## 1 1       897
## 2 2       448
## 3 3       469
## # A tibble: 3 × 5
##   class   min median  mean   max
##   <fct> <int>  <dbl> <dbl> <int>
## 1 1        21     41  42.7    79
## 2 2        23     44  44.7    68
## 3 3        22     40  41.9    82
## # A tibble: 7 × 3
##   Race                                   counts percent
##   <chr>                                   <int>   <dbl>
## 1 African American or Black                 391    0.44
## 2 Caucasian or White                        241    0.27
## 3 Some other race                           211    0.24
## 4 Multi-Racial                               46    0.05
## 5 American Indian or Alaskan Native           6    0.01
## 6 Asian                                       1    0   
## 7 Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander      1    0
## # A tibble: 12 × 3
##    Religion           counts percent
##    <chr>               <int>   <dbl>
##  1 None                  257   0.287
##  2 Christian             217   0.242
##  3 Catholic              176   0.196
##  4 Protestant             70   0.078
##  5 Baptist                64   0.071
##  6 Islamic                44   0.049
##  7 Other                  43   0.048
##  8 Pentecostal            10   0.011
##  9 Agnostic                6   0.007
## 10 Buddhist                6   0.007
## 11 Orthodox Christian      3   0.003
## 12 Atheist                 1   0.001

Chi-square Test (Incident_class vs. Class membership)

## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  data$Incident_class and data$Client_class
## X-squared = 6.0029, df = 2, p-value = 0.04972
##                    data$Client_class
## data$Incident_class   1   2   3
##                 No  872 436 445
##                 Yes  25  12  24
##                    data$Client_class
## data$Incident_class          1          2          3
##                 No  0.97212932 0.97321429 0.94882729
##                 Yes 0.02787068 0.02678571 0.05117271
##                    data$Client_class
## data$Incident_class         1         2         3
##                 No  0.4974330 0.2487165 0.2538505
##                 Yes 0.4098361 0.1967213 0.3934426
## Adjusted p-values used the bonferroni method.
##   comparison  raw.p  adj.p
## 1    1 vs. 2 1.0000 1.0000
## 2    1 vs. 3 0.0321 0.0962
## 3    2 vs. 3 0.0625 0.1876
## 
##  Pearson's Chi-squared test
## 
## data:  data$City and data$Client_class
## X-squared = 173.51, df = 182, p-value = 0.6617
##                           data$Client_class
## data$City                            1           2           3
##   Ansonia                  0.003562945 0.009661836 0.006944444
##   Bethel                   0.008313539 0.012077295 0.002314815
##   Bloomfield               0.003562945 0.000000000 0.004629630
##   Branford                 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Bridgeport               0.052256532 0.041062802 0.050925926
##   Bristol                  0.024940618 0.014492754 0.011574074
##   Broad Brook              0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Brooklyn                 0.003562945 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Canterbury               0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Cheshire                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Chester                  0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Chicopee                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Clarksdale               0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Clinton                  0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Cocoa Beach              0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Colchester               0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Connecticut State Prison 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Danbury                  0.013064133 0.012077295 0.006944444
##   Danielson                0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Darien                   0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Derby                    0.002375297 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   East Hartford            0.007125891 0.007246377 0.011574074
##   East Haven               0.004750594 0.007246377 0.006944444
##   Enfield                  0.005938242 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Glastonbury              0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Griswold                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Groton                   0.004750594 0.000000000 0.006944444
##   Guilford                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Hamden                   0.007125891 0.002415459 0.013888889
##   Hartford                 0.072446556 0.048309179 0.055555556
##   Harwinton                0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Jewett City              0.004750594 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Kannapolis               0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Lisbon                   0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Madison                  0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Manchester               0.009501188 0.007246377 0.004629630
##   Meriden                  0.017814727 0.012077295 0.018518519
##   Middletown               0.098574822 0.137681159 0.136574074
##   Milford                  0.002375297 0.002415459 0.002314815
##   Monroe                   0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Moosup                   0.001187648 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   New Britain              0.030878860 0.016908213 0.020833333
##   New Haven                0.459619952 0.449275362 0.497685185
##   New London               0.013064133 0.016908213 0.016203704
##   New Milford              0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   New Preston              0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Newburgh                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Newington                0.002375297 0.002415459 0.002314815
##   Niantic                  0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   North Haven              0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Norwalk                  0.005938242 0.004830918 0.002314815
##   Norwich                  0.016627078 0.012077295 0.009259259
##   Oakdale                  0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Old Saybrook             0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Palmer                   0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Pawcatuck                0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Plantsville              0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Prospect                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Putman                   0.000000000 0.002415459 0.002314815
##   Ridgefield               0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Rockville                0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Rocky Hill               0.000000000 0.002415459 0.002314815
##   Saint Albans             0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Seymour                  0.000000000 0.004830918 0.002314815
##   Somers                   0.001187648 0.000000000 0.004629630
##   Southbury                0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Southington              0.001187648 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Stafford Spgs            0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Stamford                 0.005938242 0.009661836 0.004629630
##   Sterling                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Stratford                0.002375297 0.002415459 0.002314815
##   Suffield                 0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Taftville                0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Terryville               0.001187648 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Thomaston                0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Torrington               0.017814727 0.026570048 0.009259259
##   Trumbull                 0.001187648 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Uncasville               0.003562945 0.007246377 0.006944444
##   Vernon                   0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Wallingford              0.001187648 0.007246377 0.000000000
##   Waterbury                0.035629454 0.043478261 0.027777778
##   Waterford                0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Waterville               0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   West Hartford            0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   West Haven               0.007125891 0.004830918 0.011574074
##   Westbrook                0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Wethersfield             0.000000000 0.000000000 0.002314815
##   Willimantic              0.014251781 0.016908213 0.006944444
##   Windsor                  0.001187648 0.000000000 0.000000000
##   Windsor Locks            0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##   Woodbury                 0.000000000 0.002415459 0.002314815
##   Woodstock                0.000000000 0.002415459 0.000000000
##                           data$Client_class
## data$City                           1          2          3
##   Ansonia                  0.30000000 0.40000000 0.30000000
##   Bethel                   0.53846154 0.38461538 0.07692308
##   Bloomfield               0.60000000 0.00000000 0.40000000
##   Branford                 0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Bridgeport               0.53012048 0.20481928 0.26506024
##   Bristol                  0.65625000 0.18750000 0.15625000
##   Broad Brook              0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Brooklyn                 0.75000000 0.00000000 0.25000000
##   Canterbury               1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Cheshire                 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Chester                  1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Chicopee                 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Clarksdale               0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Clinton                  1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Cocoa Beach              0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Colchester               0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Connecticut State Prison 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Danbury                  0.57894737 0.26315789 0.15789474
##   Danielson                0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Darien                   1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Derby                    0.66666667 0.33333333 0.00000000
##   East Hartford            0.42857143 0.21428571 0.35714286
##   East Haven               0.40000000 0.30000000 0.30000000
##   Enfield                  0.83333333 0.16666667 0.00000000
##   Glastonbury              0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Griswold                 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Groton                   0.57142857 0.00000000 0.42857143
##   Guilford                 0.50000000 0.00000000 0.50000000
##   Hamden                   0.46153846 0.07692308 0.46153846
##   Hartford                 0.58095238 0.19047619 0.22857143
##   Harwinton                0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Jewett City              0.80000000 0.20000000 0.00000000
##   Kannapolis               0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Lisbon                   0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Madison                  1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Manchester               0.61538462 0.23076923 0.15384615
##   Meriden                  0.53571429 0.17857143 0.28571429
##   Middletown               0.41708543 0.28643216 0.29648241
##   Milford                  0.50000000 0.25000000 0.25000000
##   Monroe                   1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Moosup                   0.50000000 0.50000000 0.00000000
##   New Britain              0.61904762 0.16666667 0.21428571
##   New Haven                0.49111675 0.23604061 0.27284264
##   New London               0.44000000 0.28000000 0.28000000
##   New Milford              0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   New Preston              0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Newburgh                 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Newington                0.50000000 0.25000000 0.25000000
##   Niantic                  1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   North Haven              0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Norwalk                  0.62500000 0.25000000 0.12500000
##   Norwich                  0.60869565 0.21739130 0.17391304
##   Oakdale                  0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Old Saybrook             0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Palmer                   0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Pawcatuck                0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Plantsville              0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Prospect                 0.50000000 0.00000000 0.50000000
##   Putman                   0.00000000 0.50000000 0.50000000
##   Ridgefield               1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Rockville                1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Rocky Hill               0.00000000 0.50000000 0.50000000
##   Saint Albans             1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Seymour                  0.00000000 0.66666667 0.33333333
##   Somers                   0.33333333 0.00000000 0.66666667
##   Southbury                1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Southington              0.50000000 0.00000000 0.50000000
##   Stafford Spgs            0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Stamford                 0.45454545 0.36363636 0.18181818
##   Sterling                 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Stratford                0.50000000 0.25000000 0.25000000
##   Suffield                 1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Taftville                0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Terryville               0.50000000 0.50000000 0.00000000
##   Thomaston                0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Torrington               0.50000000 0.36666667 0.13333333
##   Trumbull                 0.50000000 0.50000000 0.00000000
##   Uncasville               0.33333333 0.33333333 0.33333333
##   Vernon                   1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Wallingford              0.25000000 0.75000000 0.00000000
##   Waterbury                0.50000000 0.30000000 0.20000000
##   Waterford                1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Waterville               1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   West Hartford            1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   West Haven               0.46153846 0.15384615 0.38461538
##   Westbrook                1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Wethersfield             0.00000000 0.00000000 1.00000000
##   Willimantic              0.54545455 0.31818182 0.13636364
##   Windsor                  1.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
##   Windsor Locks            0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##   Woodbury                 0.00000000 0.50000000 0.50000000
##   Woodstock                0.00000000 1.00000000 0.00000000
##                           data$Client_class
## data$City                    1   2   3
##   Ansonia                    3   4   3
##   Bethel                     7   5   1
##   Bloomfield                 3   0   2
##   Branford                   0   0   1
##   Bridgeport                44  17  22
##   Bristol                   21   6   5
##   Broad Brook                0   1   0
##   Brooklyn                   3   0   1
##   Canterbury                 1   0   0
##   Cheshire                   1   0   0
##   Chester                    1   0   0
##   Chicopee                   1   0   0
##   Clarksdale                 0   0   1
##   Clinton                    1   0   0
##   Cocoa Beach                0   1   0
##   Colchester                 0   1   0
##   Connecticut State Prison   1   0   0
##   Danbury                   11   5   3
##   Danielson                  0   1   0
##   Darien                     1   0   0
##   Derby                      2   1   0
##   East Hartford              6   3   5
##   East Haven                 4   3   3
##   Enfield                    5   1   0
##   Glastonbury                0   1   0
##   Griswold                   1   0   0
##   Groton                     4   0   3
##   Guilford                   1   0   1
##   Hamden                     6   1   6
##   Hartford                  61  20  24
##   Harwinton                  0   1   0
##   Jewett City                4   1   0
##   Kannapolis                 0   1   0
##   Lisbon                     0   1   0
##   Madison                    1   0   0
##   Manchester                 8   3   2
##   Meriden                   15   5   8
##   Middletown                83  57  59
##   Milford                    2   1   1
##   Monroe                     1   0   0
##   Moosup                     1   1   0
##   New Britain               26   7   9
##   New Haven                387 186 215
##   New London                11   7   7
##   New Milford                0   1   0
##   New Preston                0   1   0
##   Newburgh                   1   0   0
##   Newington                  2   1   1
##   Niantic                    1   0   0
##   North Haven                0   0   1
##   Norwalk                    5   2   1
##   Norwich                   14   5   4
##   Oakdale                    0   1   0
##   Old Saybrook               0   1   0
##   Palmer                     0   0   1
##   Pawcatuck                  0   0   1
##   Plantsville                0   1   0
##   Prospect                   1   0   1
##   Putman                     0   1   1
##   Ridgefield                 1   0   0
##   Rockville                  1   0   0
##   Rocky Hill                 0   1   1
##   Saint Albans               1   0   0
##   Seymour                    0   2   1
##   Somers                     1   0   2
##   Southbury                  1   0   0
##   Southington                1   0   1
##   Stafford Spgs              0   1   0
##   Stamford                   5   4   2
##   Sterling                   1   0   0
##   Stratford                  2   1   1
##   Suffield                   1   0   0
##   Taftville                  0   0   1
##   Terryville                 1   1   0
##   Thomaston                  0   0   1
##   Torrington                15  11   4
##   Trumbull                   1   1   0
##   Uncasville                 3   3   3
##   Vernon                     1   0   0
##   Wallingford                1   3   0
##   Waterbury                 30  18  12
##   Waterford                  1   0   0
##   Waterville                 1   0   0
##   West Hartford              1   0   0
##   West Haven                 6   2   5
##   Westbrook                  1   0   0
##   Wethersfield               0   0   1
##   Willimantic               12   7   3
##   Windsor                    1   0   0
##   Windsor Locks              0   1   0
##   Woodbury                   0   1   1
##   Woodstock                  0   1   0
Discharged City Class 1 (n=897) Class 2 (n=448) Class 3 (n=469)
New Haven 43.14% 41.52% 45.84%
Middletown 9.25% 12.72% 12.58%
Hartford 6.8% 4.46% 5.12%
Bridgeport 4.91% 3.79% 4.69%
Waterbury 3.34% 4.02% 2.56%
New Britain 2.9% 1.56% 1.92%
Bristol 2.34% 1.34% 1.07%
Meriden 1.67% 1.12% 1.71%
Torrington 1.67% 2.46% 0.85%
Norwich 1.56% 1.12% 0.85%

Client class profiles

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
Number of Clients 905 467 442
Current Age 42.66 44.71 41.93
Suicide Risk Level 0.27 0.64 0.16
Homicide Risk Level 0.1 0.16 0.06
Criminal History 3.4 3.03 3.09
Aod Involvement 7.78 17.62 2
Disruption 8.53 38.69 0.78
Life Functioning Problems 33.35 82.39 9.84
Aod Last Six Months 2.54 12.23 0.37
Legal Non-Conforming Problems 2.88 4.66 1.54
Proportion with Trauma History 33% 28% 44%
## [[1]]
##  StudyClientId    CurrentAge      BirthYear    Gender 
##  Min.   :   4   Min.   :21.00   Min.   :1942   F: 27  
##  1st Qu.: 689   1st Qu.:33.00   1st Qu.:1970   M:870  
##  Median :1620   Median :41.00   Median :1980          
##  Mean   :1586   Mean   :42.66   Mean   :1978          
##  3rd Qu.:2444   3rd Qu.:51.00   3rd Qu.:1988          
##  Max.   :3553   Max.   :79.00   Max.   :2000          
##                                                       
##                                      Race                  MaritalStatus
##  African American or Black             :391   Civil Union         :  5  
##  American Indian or Alaskan Native     :  6   Divorced/Annulled   : 76  
##  Asian                                 :  1   Legally separated   : 20  
##  Caucasian or White                    :241   Married             : 77  
##  Multi-Racial                          : 46   Other               :  0  
##  Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander:  1   Single/Never Married:716  
##  Some other race                       :211   Widow/widower       :  3  
##        Religion   PrimaryLanguage     UsVeteran           DaysToRTP    
##  None      :257   Length:897         Length:897         Min.   :    2  
##  Christian :217   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:  124  
##  Catholic  :176   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :  260  
##  Protestant: 70                                         Mean   : 2796  
##  Baptist   : 64                                         3rd Qu.:  529  
##  Islamic   : 44                                         Max.   :99999  
##  (Other)   : 69                                         NA's   :734    
##  X2014Rel1Date       ReturnType        CriminalHistory  AlcoholDrugProblems
##  Length:897         Length:897         Min.   : 0.000   Min.   :0.000      
##  Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 0.000   1st Qu.:1.000      
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 3.000   Median :2.000      
##                                        Mean   : 3.402   Mean   :2.611      
##                                        3rd Qu.: 7.000   3rd Qu.:4.000      
##                                        Max.   :10.000   Max.   :9.000      
##                                                         NA's   :367        
##  SuicideRisk_Total HomicideRisk_Total IncidentScore    TraumaHistory
##  Min.   :0.0000    Min.   :0.0000     Min.   : 0.000   0:603        
##  1st Qu.:0.0000    1st Qu.:0.0000     1st Qu.: 0.000   1:294        
##  Median :0.0000    Median :0.0000     Median : 0.000                
##  Mean   :0.2664    Mean   :0.1014     Mean   : 0.534                
##  3rd Qu.:0.0000    3rd Qu.:0.0000     3rd Qu.: 0.000                
##  Max.   :7.0000    Max.   :5.0000     Max.   :26.000                
##                                                                     
##  AddressType            City              State                Zip       
##  Length:897         Length:897         Length:897         Min.   : 1013  
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 6450  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 6511  
##                                                           Mean   : 6464  
##                                                           3rd Qu.: 6511  
##                                                           Max.   :12550  
##                                                           NA's   :55     
##  AodInvolvement     Disruption     AodLastSixMonths
##  Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 0.00   
##  1st Qu.: 5.000   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 0.00   
##  Median : 7.000   Median : 7.000   Median : 0.00   
##  Mean   : 7.784   Mean   : 8.528   Mean   : 2.54   
##  3rd Qu.:10.000   3rd Qu.:13.000   3rd Qu.: 3.00   
##  Max.   :40.000   Max.   :34.000   Max.   :40.00   
##                                                    
##  LegalNonConformingLastSixMonths GlobalAodPsychosocialDistruptionAndProblems
##  Min.   : 0.000                  Min.   : 6.00                              
##  1st Qu.: 1.000                  1st Qu.:24.00                              
##  Median : 2.000                  Median :32.00                              
##  Mean   : 2.877                  Mean   :33.35                              
##  3rd Qu.: 4.000                  3rd Qu.:42.00                              
##  Max.   :24.000                  Max.   :65.00                              
##                                                                             
##   age_group          Aod1_class         Aod2_class        Disruption_class  
##  Length:897         Length:897         Length:897         Length:897        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  LegalNonConform_class LifeFunctionality_class Suicide_class Homicide_class
##  Length:897            Length:897              high  :  2    high  :  5    
##  Class :character      Class :character        low   :885    low   :852    
##  Mode  :character      Mode  :character        medium: 10    medium: 40    
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##  Trauma_class       class      City2           Incident_class Client_class
##  Length:897         1:897   Length:897         No :872        1:897       
##  Class :character   2:  0   Class :character   Yes: 25        2:  0       
##  Mode  :character   3:  0   Mode  :character                  3:  0       
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##    Discharged City
##  New Haven :387   
##  Middletown: 83   
##  Hartford  : 61   
##  Bridgeport: 44   
##  Waterbury : 30   
##  (Other)   :237   
##  NA's      : 55   
## 
## [[2]]
##  StudyClientId    CurrentAge      BirthYear    Gender 
##  Min.   :   1   Min.   :23.00   Min.   :1953   F: 27  
##  1st Qu.: 567   1st Qu.:37.00   1st Qu.:1969   M:421  
##  Median :1466   Median :44.00   Median :1977          
##  Mean   :1527   Mean   :44.71   Mean   :1976          
##  3rd Qu.:2486   3rd Qu.:52.25   3rd Qu.:1984          
##  Max.   :3517   Max.   :68.00   Max.   :1998          
##                                                       
##                                      Race                  MaritalStatus
##  African American or Black             : 94   Civil Union         :  2  
##  American Indian or Alaskan Native     :  3   Divorced/Annulled   : 53  
##  Asian                                 :  1   Legally separated   : 11  
##  Caucasian or White                    :254   Married             : 26  
##  Multi-Racial                          : 22   Other               :  1  
##  Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander:  0   Single/Never Married:350  
##  Some other race                       : 74   Widow/widower       :  5  
##        Religion   PrimaryLanguage     UsVeteran           DaysToRTP      
##  None      :136   Length:448         Length:448         Min.   :    7.0  
##  Catholic  :119   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:   87.0  
##  Christian : 89   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :  197.5  
##  Protestant: 37                                         Mean   : 3640.4  
##  Other     : 19                                         3rd Qu.:  518.2  
##  Baptist   : 17                                         Max.   :99999.0  
##  (Other)   : 31                                         NA's   :358      
##  X2014Rel1Date       ReturnType        CriminalHistory  AlcoholDrugProblems
##  Length:448         Length:448         Min.   : 0.000   Min.   :0.000      
##  Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 0.000   1st Qu.:2.000      
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 0.000   Median :4.000      
##                                        Mean   : 3.033   Mean   :3.767      
##                                        3rd Qu.: 6.000   3rd Qu.:5.000      
##                                        Max.   :10.000   Max.   :9.000      
##                                                         NA's   :225        
##  SuicideRisk_Total HomicideRisk_Total IncidentScore     TraumaHistory
##  Min.   :0.0000    Min.   :0.0000     Min.   : 0.0000   0:250        
##  1st Qu.:0.0000    1st Qu.:0.0000     1st Qu.: 0.0000   1:198        
##  Median :0.0000    Median :0.0000     Median : 0.0000                
##  Mean   :0.6362    Mean   :0.1585     Mean   : 0.6094                
##  3rd Qu.:1.0000    3rd Qu.:0.0000     3rd Qu.: 0.0000                
##  Max.   :8.0000    Max.   :7.0000     Max.   :16.0000                
##                                                                      
##  AddressType            City              State                Zip       
##  Length:448         Length:448         Length:448         Min.   :  651  
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 6457  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 6511  
##                                                           Mean   : 6576  
##                                                           3rd Qu.: 6511  
##                                                           Max.   :32932  
##                                                           NA's   :34     
##  AodInvolvement    Disruption    AodLastSixMonths
##  Min.   : 0.00   Min.   : 2.00   Min.   : 0.00   
##  1st Qu.:12.00   1st Qu.:28.00   1st Qu.: 0.00   
##  Median :16.00   Median :38.00   Median : 3.00   
##  Mean   :17.62   Mean   :38.69   Mean   :12.23   
##  3rd Qu.:23.00   3rd Qu.:48.00   3rd Qu.:21.00   
##  Max.   :40.00   Max.   :80.00   Max.   :97.00   
##                                                  
##  LegalNonConformingLastSixMonths GlobalAodPsychosocialDistruptionAndProblems
##  Min.   : 0.000                  Min.   : 10.00                             
##  1st Qu.: 1.000                  1st Qu.: 65.00                             
##  Median : 3.000                  Median : 78.00                             
##  Mean   : 4.663                  Mean   : 82.39                             
##  3rd Qu.: 7.000                  3rd Qu.: 95.00                             
##  Max.   :24.000                  Max.   :162.00                             
##                                                                             
##   age_group          Aod1_class         Aod2_class        Disruption_class  
##  Length:448         Length:448         Length:448         Length:448        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  LegalNonConform_class LifeFunctionality_class Suicide_class Homicide_class
##  Length:448            Length:448              high  :  7    high  : 14    
##  Class :character      Class :character        low   :420    low   :381    
##  Mode  :character      Mode  :character        medium: 21    medium: 53    
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##  Trauma_class       class      City2           Incident_class Client_class
##  Length:448         1:  0   Length:448         No :436        1:  0       
##  Class :character   2:448   Class :character   Yes: 12        2:448       
##  Mode  :character   3:  0   Mode  :character                  3:  0       
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##    Discharged City
##  New Haven :186   
##  Middletown: 57   
##  Hartford  : 20   
##  Waterbury : 18   
##  Bridgeport: 17   
##  (Other)   :116   
##  NA's      : 34   
## 
## [[3]]
##  StudyClientId    CurrentAge      BirthYear    Gender 
##  Min.   :  27   Min.   :22.00   Min.   :1939   F:  1  
##  1st Qu.: 844   1st Qu.:32.00   1st Qu.:1970   M:468  
##  Median :1818   Median :40.00   Median :1981          
##  Mean   :1685   Mean   :41.93   Mean   :1979          
##  3rd Qu.:2468   3rd Qu.:51.00   3rd Qu.:1989          
##  Max.   :3252   Max.   :82.00   Max.   :2000          
##                                                       
##                                      Race                  MaritalStatus
##  African American or Black             :230   Civil Union         :  2  
##  American Indian or Alaskan Native     :  3   Divorced/Annulled   : 54  
##  Asian                                 :  4   Legally separated   :  4  
##  Caucasian or White                    : 87   Married             : 40  
##  Multi-Racial                          : 24   Other               :  1  
##  Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander:  0   Single/Never Married:365  
##  Some other race                       :121   Widow/widower       :  3  
##        Religion   PrimaryLanguage     UsVeteran           DaysToRTP    
##  None      :141   Length:469         Length:469         Min.   :   43  
##  Christian :114   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:  151  
##  Catholic  : 71   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :  266  
##  Protestant: 45                                         Mean   : 5802  
##  Baptist   : 32                                         3rd Qu.:  489  
##  Islamic   : 28                                         Max.   :99999  
##  (Other)   : 38                                         NA's   :396    
##  X2014Rel1Date       ReturnType        CriminalHistory  AlcoholDrugProblems
##  Length:469         Length:469         Min.   : 0.000   Min.   :0.0        
##  Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 0.000   1st Qu.:0.0        
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 2.000   Median :1.0        
##                                        Mean   : 3.094   Mean   :1.7        
##                                        3rd Qu.: 6.000   3rd Qu.:3.0        
##                                        Max.   :10.000   Max.   :9.0        
##                                                         NA's   :189        
##  SuicideRisk_Total HomicideRisk_Total IncidentScore     TraumaHistory
##  Min.   :0.0000    Min.   :0.00000    Min.   : 0.0000   0:335        
##  1st Qu.:0.0000    1st Qu.:0.00000    1st Qu.: 0.0000   1:134        
##  Median :0.0000    Median :0.00000    Median : 0.0000                
##  Mean   :0.1642    Mean   :0.05544    Mean   : 0.4158                
##  3rd Qu.:0.0000    3rd Qu.:0.00000    3rd Qu.: 0.0000                
##  Max.   :5.0000    Max.   :2.00000    Max.   :17.0000                
##                                                                      
##  AddressType            City              State                Zip       
##  Length:469         Length:469         Length:469         Min.   : 1069  
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.: 6457  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median : 6511  
##                                                           Mean   : 6532  
##                                                           3rd Qu.: 6511  
##                                                           Max.   :38669  
##                                                           NA's   :37     
##  AodInvolvement     Disruption      AodLastSixMonths 
##  Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 0.0000   Min.   : 0.0000  
##  1st Qu.: 0.000   1st Qu.: 0.0000   1st Qu.: 0.0000  
##  Median : 1.000   Median : 0.0000   Median : 0.0000  
##  Mean   : 2.002   Mean   : 0.7846   Mean   : 0.3667  
##  3rd Qu.: 3.000   3rd Qu.: 1.0000   3rd Qu.: 0.0000  
##  Max.   :12.000   Max.   :17.0000   Max.   :10.0000  
##                                                      
##  LegalNonConformingLastSixMonths GlobalAodPsychosocialDistruptionAndProblems
##  Min.   : 0.000                  Min.   : 0.000                             
##  1st Qu.: 0.000                  1st Qu.: 3.000                             
##  Median : 0.000                  Median :10.000                             
##  Mean   : 1.535                  Mean   : 9.842                             
##  3rd Qu.: 2.000                  3rd Qu.:15.000                             
##  Max.   :19.000                  Max.   :43.000                             
##                                                                             
##   age_group          Aod1_class         Aod2_class        Disruption_class  
##  Length:469         Length:469         Length:469         Length:469        
##  Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##                                                                             
##  LegalNonConform_class LifeFunctionality_class Suicide_class Homicide_class
##  Length:469            Length:469              high  :  0    high  :  2    
##  Class :character      Class :character        low   :464    low   :456    
##  Mode  :character      Mode  :character        medium:  5    medium: 11    
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##                                                                            
##  Trauma_class       class      City2           Incident_class Client_class
##  Length:469         1:  0   Length:469         No :445        1:  0       
##  Class :character   2:  0   Class :character   Yes: 24        2:  0       
##  Mode  :character   3:469   Mode  :character                  3:469       
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##                                                                           
##    Discharged City
##  New Haven :215   
##  Middletown: 59   
##  Hartford  : 24   
##  Bridgeport: 22   
##  Waterbury : 12   
##  (Other)   :100   
##  NA's      : 37
## [[1]]
##  Gender                                      Race    
##  F: 27   African American or Black             :391  
##  M:870   American Indian or Alaskan Native     :  6  
##          Asian                                 :  1  
##          Caucasian or White                    :241  
##          Multi-Racial                          : 46  
##          Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander:  1  
##          Some other race                       :211  
##               MaritalStatus       Religion     Discharged City
##  Civil Union         :  5   None      :257   New Haven :387   
##  Divorced/Annulled   : 76   Christian :217   Middletown: 83   
##  Legally separated   : 20   Catholic  :176   Hartford  : 61   
##  Married             : 77   Protestant: 70   Bridgeport: 44   
##  Other               :  0   Baptist   : 64   Waterbury : 30   
##  Single/Never Married:716   Islamic   : 44   (Other)   :237   
##  Widow/widower       :  3   (Other)   : 69   NA's      : 55
## [[1]]
##  Gender                                      Race    
##  F: 27   African American or Black             : 94  
##  M:421   American Indian or Alaskan Native     :  3  
##          Asian                                 :  1  
##          Caucasian or White                    :254  
##          Multi-Racial                          : 22  
##          Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander:  0  
##          Some other race                       : 74  
##               MaritalStatus       Religion     Discharged City
##  Civil Union         :  2   None      :136   New Haven :186   
##  Divorced/Annulled   : 53   Catholic  :119   Middletown: 57   
##  Legally separated   : 11   Christian : 89   Hartford  : 20   
##  Married             : 26   Protestant: 37   Waterbury : 18   
##  Other               :  1   Other     : 19   Bridgeport: 17   
##  Single/Never Married:350   Baptist   : 17   (Other)   :116   
##  Widow/widower       :  5   (Other)   : 31   NA's      : 34
## [[1]]
##  Gender                                      Race    
##  F:  1   African American or Black             :230  
##  M:468   American Indian or Alaskan Native     :  3  
##          Asian                                 :  4  
##          Caucasian or White                    : 87  
##          Multi-Racial                          : 24  
##          Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander:  0  
##          Some other race                       :121  
##               MaritalStatus       Religion     Discharged City
##  Civil Union         :  2   None      :141   New Haven :215   
##  Divorced/Annulled   : 54   Christian :114   Middletown: 59   
##  Legally separated   :  4   Catholic  : 71   Hartford  : 24   
##  Married             : 40   Protestant: 45   Bridgeport: 22   
##  Other               :  1   Baptist   : 32   Waterbury : 12   
##  Single/Never Married:365   Islamic   : 28   (Other)   :100   
##  Widow/widower       :  3   (Other)   : 38   NA's      : 37